XOR

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Points: 7

Time limit: 1.0s

Memory limit: 64M

Problem type

Given two integers $S$ $S$ and $F$ $F$ , what is the XOR (exclusive-or) of all numbers between $S$ $S$ and $F$ $F$ (inclusive)?

Input Specification

The first line of input is the integer $T$ $T$ , which is the number of test cases $(1 \le T \le 1000)$ $(1 \leq T \leq 1000)$ .
$T$ $T$ lines follow, with each line containing two integers $S$ $S$ and $F$ $F$ $(1 \le S \le F \le 1\,000\,000\,000)$ $(1 \leq S \leq F \leq 1 000 000 000)$ .

Output Specification

For each test case, output the (decimal) value of the XOR of all numbers between $S$ $S$ and $F$ $F$ , inclusive.

Sample Input

Copy

5
3 10
5 5
13 42
666 1337
1234567 89101112

Output for Sample Input

Copy

Comments

3

noYou commented on June 3, 2020, 9:45 p.m.

My wrong submission passed. Doesn't even pass sample, more test cases are probably needed.

1

sankeeth_ganeswaran commented on March 29, 2019, 12:52 a.m.

I'm a bit confused, how is the XOR of 5 and 5 equal to 5? I thought it was 0.

6

Kirito commented on March 29, 2019, 1:38 a.m.

It's asking you for the XOR of all numbers in the range $[S, F]$ $[S, F]$ . $5$ $5$ is the only number in the range $[5, 5]$ $[5, 5]$ , so the answer is 5.

-4

Anix55 commented on Dec. 5, 2015, 7:56 p.m.

TLEEEEEE ARGGGH something tells me i have to do more than just the XOR bitewise operator (^). do i?

6

Xyene commented on Dec. 5, 2015, 8:48 p.m.

Look for a pattern!

-4

poinzetta commented on Feb. 19, 2016, 11:06 p.m.

So there IS a pattern! ahh.....

0

Yuting9 commented on Dec. 4, 2014, 10:06 p.m.

How do you get an XOR of a multi digit number? Isn't it only for True and False?

5

FatalEagle commented on Dec. 4, 2014, 11:32 p.m. ← edited →

We are looking for the bitwise XOR.

0

Yuting9 commented on Dec. 5, 2014, 2:47 p.m.

When I do that, 3 and 10 give me 9, and 5 and 5 give 0...

2

awaykened commented on Dec. 5, 2014, 3:17 p.m.

you are misunderstanding the problem it asks for the xor of all numbers between s and f, so for the example of 3 and 10 it would be 3 XOR 4 XOR... XOR 10

0

Yuting9 commented on Dec. 5, 2014, 6:12 p.m.

thanks